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Studies focused on the association of ICE Race-Income with adverse birth outcomes, cancer, premature and all-cause mortality, and communicable diseases. Twenty articles were included in the review. We implemented the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct a rigorous search of academic databases for papers linking ICE Race-Income with health. The aim of this paper is to critically review the evidence on the association between ICE Race-Income and health outcomes. This multidimensional measure advances a more comprehensive understanding of residential segregation and its consequences for racial and ethnic minorities.
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A novel version of the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE Race-Income) specifically assesses racialized economic segregation in terms of spatial concentrations of racial and economic privilege (e.g., wealthy white people) versus disadvantage (e.g., poor Black people) within a given area. Most research to date has operationalized segregation in terms of either poverty or race/ethnicity rather than a synergy of these factors. Extensive research shows that residential segregation has severe health consequences for racial and ethnic minorities.